Organic vs Non-Organic Essay Example for Free

Natural versus Non-Organic Essay What would it be a good idea for me to eat? That is the issue on a huge number of American personalities in the ongoing years. For quite a long time we have succumbed to publicity, doing without one food type for another, just to hear months or years after the fact were doing everything incorrectly. All the more as of late, the countries consideration has gone to natural nourishments in our mission to eat healthy, get thin and carry on with a long and dynamic life. Pesticides, sites and papers caution, are prompting an unfortunate America. The utilization of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, also called DDT, is raised over and over. Preceding 1973, the utilization of DDT was far reaching and our primary weapon against the war on bugs. We currently know the utilization of DDT prompted enormous impacts on natural life and people (DDT-a Brief History, 2012). Who’s to state one of the numerous different pesticides and bug sprays we shower today won’t bring a comparable turn not far off, articles inquire? While it’s genuine any pesticide we use in customary cultivating can prompt medical issues in people if reliably uncovered, shields are set up and testing is normalized by the United States government to keep disease and demise from the nourishments we eat. The equivalent can't be said about natural produce and meat. Natural nourishments don't need to withstand a similar measure of thorough testing as non-natural and what testing happens isn't normalized (Tenser, 2013). This can prompt an expanded danger of medical issues for the individuals who thought they were settling on the more advantageous decision. Studies have appeared there is no genuine huge preferred position, wellbeing savvy, in picking natural over non-natural and that mark, and the more significant expense that goes with, might not really be justified, despite all the trouble. Defenders of natural nourishments state they are liberated from pesticides and hormones utilized by organizations to create bigger creatures quicker, in this way prompting expanded benefits. A few of the pesticides utilized today have gone under investigation of administrative offices. A greater amount of the nutrients and complex small scale supplements our bodies need to endure are held when manufactured pesticides are not utilized. Utilizing normal and natural bug control, natural nourishments are more secure and a more beneficial option in contrast to popularized products of the soil. In fact, it’s every one of the a fantasy. There is no natural item available today that is liberated from engineered pesticides. Throughout the years, the dirt has held a portion of the pesticide overflow, which shields all nourishments today from being totally liberated from synthetic substances (Hom, 1992). The expansion in excrement utilization that goes with the disregarding of manufactured manures prompts an expanded danger of E. coli and Salmonella flare-ups (Griswald, 2013, p. 1). This is on the grounds that compost comprises of a more noteworthy measure of microscopic organisms and its utilization risks cross tainting. The ascent in natural cultivating has prompted a large number of the food borne sicknesses that tormented a great part of the 2000s. The utilization of hormones is terribly exaggerated; business chicken isn't infused with hormones, as opposed to what natural food providers need you to accept. The utilization of hormones never really help the chicken become bigger or become quicker. Hormone use would just be a misuse of cash since no benefit is picked up from it (Poultry Housing Tips, 2012). With respect to the contention products of the soil developed naturally have a greater amount of the nutrients and supplements held in them, this is valid, anyway an individual concentrated on a balanced and sound eating regimen has no dread of missing certain supplements their body needs. Also, as a rule a scouring of cleanser and water wipes off all pesticide buildup from any leafy foods you will appreciate. On the off chance that you can bear the cost of them, get them, suggests New York University educator Marion Nestle, PhD (Zelman, n. d. ). Putting in a couple of dollars more for that natural chicken will spare heaps of emergency clinic bills not far off, natural food advertisers state. Buyers of natural nourishments spend on normal $4000 increasingly a year, persuaded the additional use is well justified, despite all the trouble over the long haul. Likewise, by spending more, youre told you’re helping save nature; by not utilizing engineered pesticides the dirt and streams can't be polluted. It is genuine a lean toward progressively natural cultivating prompts an increasingly steady developing condition and an expansion of neighborhood food creation (Berger, 2013, p. 1). In any case, natural nourishments are frequently shipped across state lines to goods all through the nation. What the utilization of regular operators spares earth is offset by the fumes heaved into the climate and the petroleum products utilized during the excursion. The expense of natural nourishments is simply not worth the payout. There have been numerous investigations appearing there is no genuine medical advantage to eating natural nourishments (Watson, 2008). Natural products, for example, bananas and oranges and vegetables, for example, peas are not eaten entire; they require stripping which implies they require less pesticide, which means the more significant expense tag on the natural bananas just aren’t justified, despite all the trouble. What's more, as the cost of organics rises, organics are viewed as a superficial point of interest, a â€Å"elitist definition. † Organic food advertisers benefit from the class isolate, promoting organics as an approach to lead the excellent, solid existence of the well off. They stress organics are more beneficial, better, worth the cost (Sprague, 2013, p 1). This is just not the situation. A balanced eating routine is all anybody needs to remain solid and lead a functioning life. Considering this, the more significant expense tag is simply not worth the promotion. It has been demonstrated on numerous occasions that natural nourishments don't have a more noteworthy medical advantage contrasted with business nourishments. The mark doesnt legitimize burning up all available resources. A balanced eating routine is similarly as gainful to a solid society, with or without the utilization of engineered pesticides. Natural nourishments are not the managing light they guarantee to be. There is one proven technique to end most wellbeing concerns. Eat a shifted diet. Getting all the nutrients and nourishment you need is up to you, not up to a name. References Berger, A. (2013). Natural nourishments are a more advantageous other option. In Points of view reference focus (p. 2). Recovered from http://web. ebscohost. com. intermediary. devry. edu/pov/detail? sid=9b34ea84-d9c3-4c4a-8cf5-2fe5b8ae172f%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286303 DDT-A concise history and status. (2012, May 9). Recovered May 25, 2013, from http://www. epa. gov/pesticides/factsheets/synthetic compounds/ddt-brief-history-status. htm Griswald, A. (2013). Natural food: Overview. In Points of view reference focus (p. 1). Recovered from http://web. ebscohost. com. intermediary. devry. edu/pov/detail? sid=e32326f0-2d1a-4489-9176-71e40074d5be%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=113bda ta=JnNpdGU9cG92LWxpdmU%3d#db=pwhAN=43286302 Hom, L. (1992). About natural produce. Recovered May 25, 2013, from http://www. ocf. berkeley. edu/~lhom/organictext. html Poultry lodging tips. (2012, April). Recovered May 25, 2013, from The University of Georgia site: http://www. poultryventilation. com/locales/default/records/tips/2012/vol24n4. pdf Sprague, N. (2013). Natural food is superfluous and the current food.

Reaction Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response Journal - Essay Example The capture of Eugene V. Debs is suggestive of dictator governments which Americans presently censure in other worldwide systems, for example, China. In any case, this had a positive outcome: the development of the American Civil Liberties Union. ‘The Roaring Twenties’ gives off an impression of being a misnomer! Monetary thriving was packed in large business, however didn't reach out to the farming division or provincial territory. Open help for the Ku Klux Klan, the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, the National Origins Act of 1924, lynching, and the prohibiting of interracial relationships demonstrated an upsurge in prejudice. Christian fundamentalism raised its head. Maybe it accepted a meaning of general prosperity, since it was sandwiched between the World War 1 and the Great Depression. Unexpectedly, the New Deal neglected to fulfill the special class (who detested the higher assessments forced on them), pundits in the Democratic Party (Huey P. Since quite a while ago proclaimed that it neglected to do what's needed for poor people), or the Republican resistance (Senator Taft denounced it for its communist position, deficiency spending and its assault on private endeavor). The AAA’s obliteration of ‘surplus’ rural creation (during a time of intense food shortage!) and oppression blacks, degrade the New Deal.3 President Roosevelt’s ‘Four Freedoms’ †the right to speak freely of discourse and love, and opportunity from need and dread, was acknowledged American philosophy, yet negated and subverted by bigotry. It is deplorable to peruse Foner’s record of the administration â€Å"bending over in reverse to suit German-Americans and Italian-Americans in the war effort† however â€Å"viewing each individual of Japanese ethnicity as a potential spy†4. The importance of ‘freedom’ was questionable during the 1950’s. The Cold War recognized opportunity with against socialism: racially segregationist South Africa was a piece of the ‘Free World’ simply on the grounds that

The Hero(ine)'s Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Hero(ine's) Journey - Essay Example What is especially fascinating about this â€Å"mythological† way to deal with some random topic is that it about superbly applies to the way that pretty much every story can be told. Proof of this procedure can obviously be seen with respect to the account of Odysseus. The creator starts by relating how the â€Å"ordinary world† presents the known reality and simple restricts to Odysseus’ life will create. Along these lines, the legend is introduced as a substance that is awkward as well as uninformed of the hidden pressure and battle that mixes underneath the surface. This forms the activity into the optional stage or â€Å"call to adventure†; spoke to by Odysseus deciding to â€Å"take the plunge† and set out upon his excursion. ... tem with the â€Å"ordinary world†; going about as a sort of cushion and imperative against the obscure risks that exist inside the bounds of the obscure. This refusal is intriguing in that it follows a profound hint that frequently expects Odysseus to experience an otherworldly reassessment of ethical quality so as to shape an increasingly practical sentiment concerning the foreseen activity that is anticipating him. In the fourth stage, the Odysseus gets mentorship; a principal part of the gallant advancement that he gets. The fifth stage spins around the character venturing over the limit which has up to this point been the hindrance for undertaking such an undertaking. This is obviously an allegorical and strict advance in that it assists with characterizing the manner by which the character sees their own conditions as a component of the â€Å"mission† in which they are going to attempt. It is likewise not until this point, as indicated by the creator, the characte r is completely dedicated to experiencing the requests and hardships that such a strategy essentially suggests. Essentially, the 6th step suggests the character advancement that happens once the character has ventured over the edge. These improvements are commonly concentric around the tests, partners and adversaries that the character experiences an element of attempting to finish his/her journey (Russel et al 22). Likewise, stages seven and eight allude to the lead up to and showdown with the trial that has fundamentally characterized the battle up until this point. Similarly as with any story and additionally character disclosure, the lead up to the activity is in many cases as interesting to the crowd as the activity itself. As such, the writer gives some an opportunity to examining the methods by which screenwriters can additionally create upon the

Prima Porta Augustus History Assignment Paper - 275 Words

Prima Porta Augustus History Assignment Paper (Term Paper Sample) Content: Prima Porta AugustusName:Department:Course:Date:Augustus of Prima PortaArt is a tool of communication through which an individual may express his or her views. In Ancient Roman Empire, there was a very close relationship between arts propaganda and politics. Ancient Romans used art to communicate their political views. The leaders in ancient Roman Empire also used art, sculptures, and coins to spread propaganda. This could explain the reason why there are so many art portraits of ancient Roman leaders. By looking at these portraits, it is possible to decode some of the hidden messages they are trying to spread. This paper is going to explore how the Prima Porta statue of Augustus (20 B.C.E) was used as a tool for propaganda by portraying Augustus as a powerful and blameless leader.[Hardiman, Craig I. "Art, Roman." The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (2013).] The Prima Porta statue of Augustus is six feet and sixteen inches tall, and it is made of white marble. Some pe ople believe that this statue was a copy of an original one that was made of bronze. The Prima Porta statue of Augustus is believed to have been made as a tool for propaganda aimed at influencing people about the leadership qualities Emperor Augustus.[Mootz, Denis. "The Prima Porta statue of Augustus." Teaching History 44, no. 3 (2010): 8.] The similarity between the stance of the Prima Porta Statue and Doryphoros make raise questions about to why would Augustus prefer using the Greek artistic design rather than using a unique Roman technique. However, this was deliberately used to express the idea of balance and harmony as perceived in the Greek culture. Augustus is having a body of a warrior. Unlike many Roman emperors, Augustus was much willing to look to Greece for inspiration. It is clear that his idea to seek inspiration from Greece was a success considering how this piece of art has powerful propagandistic features. The use of the Greek creativity in this sculpture also indic ated that Emperor Augustus was associated with the Athens classical age. The combined effect of these features portrays Augustus as a supreme leader who was also supposed to be regarded as God. Although the Prima Porta statue of Augustus assumes the stance as that of Greek sculpture, Doryphoros, the statue's right hand is raised up. This was a Roman gesture indicating that the emperor was addressing his troops or subjects. This alone portrays August as a very strong Roman leader. The left hand of the statue is portrayed as if it was carrying an object which could probably be a scepter.[Friedland, Elise A., Melanie Grunow Sobocinski, and Elaine K. Gazda. The Oxford Handbook of Roman Sculpture. (2015). New York: Oxford University Press.] The Prima Porta statue portrays Emperor Augustus standing as he addresses his troops. He is portrayed to have a youthful face without wrinkles. His body is idealized in this statue since he was in his mid-forties when it was made. The statue was also painted to add realism. He is wearing a breastplate that has a sophisticated design that shows a humbled Parthian king giving eagle standards to Mars. This was a reference to the international diplomatic victory of the Roman Empire. There are also two females, each seated on either side of the central group. It is believed that each of the two females was used as a personification of Gaul, Germania, Hispania and Parthia that have been defeated by the Romans. Above the scene in the middle of the breastplate, there are several gods including Aurora, Luna, Sol, and Cadus. Below is the goddess of the hunt, Diana, and the sun god Apollo both of who sit on the either side of the earth mother, Tellus. The presence of sun god implied that the sun was to shine to the Roman empire and all its citizens and Augustus would be responsible for this prosperity. There is a little Cupid (god of love) near the feet of Augustus. The ancient Roman's god of love was believed to be the son of Venus and wa s portrayed as a little-naked boy holding a bow and an arrow. The presence of Cupid was purposefully placed there to portray Emperor Augustus as the descendant of goddess Venus. Goddess Venus was believed to be the ancestress of the emperors family and ruled by divine authority.[Ibid, 2] [Ibid,2] [Goerke-Shrode, Sabine. "The Augustus Statue of Prima Porta." Calliope 8, no. 4 (December 1997): 15. MasterFILE Premier] [Ibid, 6] The body of Augustus in the statue is a personification just like the corpora in the breast he is wearing. During the early 1st century, the body could be its self-serve as an image for figuring imperial power. This statue likened the perfection of Emperor Augustus to that of various bodies of the cosmos including gods. The literal meaning of this was that the emperor embodied his empire and the wider world. The presence of goddesses and the winged Cupid near the feet of Augustus in the Prima Porta statue indicates his claim to divinity. The divinity of Augustu s was a popular political issue during the 1st century B.C.E. Augustus claimed to have a family relationship with the Venus just as Cupid was her son. Although the explanation of figures in the breastplate remains a point of argument among the scholars, it is clearly shown that Roman gods were on the side of the Emperor and that he was a military conqueror. By placing himself on the lineage of gods, it can be argued that Augustus also regarded himself as a god. The statues right leg is upright while the left leg is left behind as if it was moving forward. A propagandistic feature of the statue is the fact that even though Augustus is wearing military attire, he is barefoot which was deliberately done as a way of emphasizing the idea that Augustus was humble, yet he was not a humble person in reality.[Ibid, 2] [Squire, Michael. 2013. "Embodied Ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augustus." Art History 36, no. 2: 242-279. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 8, 2016).] Th e Prima Porta statue of Augustus portrays Augustus standing with a similar stance as Doryphoros. Augustus is portrayed as young and flawless despite the fact that he was middle aged during the time this statue was made. His facial appearance was idealized to make him appear as having a perfect body of the Greek athlete. Being the founder of the Roman Empire, Emperor Augustus could have ordered the artist to portray him as he wished. The propagandistic aspect of the portrayal of Augustus having a youthful face meant that he would always be powerful and perfect. During the Roman reign, political figures were highly praised, and such a statue would have been put in public spaces for all to see and experience the power of the emperor. The statue was also meant to portray Emperor Augustus as a good orator as well as a military conqueror and an army leader. This is indicated by the fact that he is standing before his troops addressing them. The messa...

Introduction To Portfolio Theory Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1606 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Firstly, we need to define the word of portfolio in order to get more understanding about the portfolio theory and portfolio development. Portfolio is refers to a group of financial assets such as stocks, bonds and cash. The portfolios are mostly hold by investors according to their risk tolerance, time taken and investment objectives and/or will be controlled by financial professionals, banks and other financial institutions to get the better allocation of risk-return portfolio. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction To Portfolio Theory Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Besides, there are two types of risk that involved: diversified and undiversified risk. Diversified risk also called as unsystematic risk which the risks cannot be fully predicted and avoided, the examples are interest rates and wars. The undiversified risk is known as systematic risk and this kind of risk can be reduced through suitable diversification and it is more specific to individual stock. The History of Portfolio Management Portfolio Theory is also known as Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). It was first developed and discovered by Harry Max Markowitz. He is an American economist, born on 24th August 1927. He is also a professor of finance at the Rady School of Management at the University of California, San Diego. Portfolio Theory was introduced in his paper Portfolio Selection which was published in the Journal of Finance in 1952. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for the Theory, shared with Merton Miller and William Sharpe. Markowitz is not only known for his pioneering work in Portfolio Theory. He is also very known for the study of the effects of asset risk, return, correlation and diversification related to investment portfolio returns. The Benefits of Portfolio Management The main advantage of portfolio management is to help companies manage all their processes as well as set objectives. Small businesses may not have a structure for portfolio management, but most companies often employ someone to handle their projects. A portfolio management benefits the investors in making decisions especially risk matters. It is very important for investors to know how to control risk in their business portfolios. Besides that, it improves business performances. Portfolio management improves business performances by setting the priorities for better project delivery. Business projects are often achieved by resources which are evenly shared alongside with other projects. Many projects may end up competing for resources. This is where portfolio management is much needed. It helps in planning so that resources are equally distributed in all the business processes. This involves measuring, comparing, and prioritizing the most valuable projects only. The conflicts between the projects for resources are resolved by the high level management. The skill sets required for each project and ideal source of these resources are determined by incorporating formal sourcing strategies. The performance problems are corrected earlier to their development in major issues. Although, portfolio management cannot completely eliminate performance failures, it helps in identifying the performance issues early. The portfolio management involves steps such as identify, growth and deal with any issues related to implementation. The portfolio also helps in keeping the progress of projects or work on track. Traditional and Modern Portfolio From the evolution of mankind, people are trying to get rich. Hence, many investments have been made. Countless method has been introduced to manage portfolio. In this page, we will compare Markowitz Modern Portfolio Theory and Altman Z-score theory. Modern Portfolio Theory Also called modern investment theory, this theory states that investors will only bear excessive rate if they are compensated sufficiently. This theory is developed by Harry Markowitz in year 1950th. Modern Portfolio Theory seeks to construct an optimal portfolio by looking at the relationship between risk and return by measuring alpha, beta and R-squared. Investors can construct an optimal portfolio by maximizing the expected return for that level of risk. The formula for Markowitzs theory is as below. E(R_i) = R_f + beta_{i}(E(R_m) R_f), Where E(R_i)~~is the expected return on the capital asset R_f~is the risk-free rate of interest such as interest arising from government bonds beta_{i}~~(the  beta) is the  sensitivity  of the expected excess asset returns to the expected excess market returns, or also  beta_{i} = frac {mathrm{Cov}(R_i,R_m)}{mathrm{Var}(R_m)}, E(R_m)~is the expected return of the market E(R_m)-R_f~is sometimes known as the  market premium  (the difference between the expected market rate of return and the risk-free rate of return). E(R_i)-R_f~is also known as the  risk premium According to Markowitz, there is a formulation, efficient market frontier that used to measures and calculates the portfolio in the level of ideal return and risk. Graph below shows the efficient frontier for two stocks (Google and Coca Cola) in year 2006 where the Google has high risk -return and Coca Cola has low risk-return. https://i.investopedia.com/inv/articles/site/CT_MPT_2r.gif The Efficient Frontier along with the portfolios would expect a higher on returns than its typical on the average for the level of risk the portfolio assumes. We would notice the Efficient Frontier line will starts lower at first and then slowly the expected risks and return will move higher. Investors having different investing profiles can find a suitable portfolio at any place within The Efficient Frontier. As the Efficient Frontier flattens, it goes higher due to the peak limit the investors can already expect. By using the Monte Carlo simulation, we can use the percentage of standard deviation and average return, types of chosen investment and time horizon to compute and comparing the annualized return rate of different investments. The formula is ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡(ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £Wa2ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢a2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £ÃƒÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £WaWbCovab), where w is the size of portfolio in a security, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ is the standard deviation of the expected return in the security and Cov is the covariance of the expected return in the security. According to the graph below, when the number of portfolio is increasing, the percentage of average portfolio standard deviation and risk to a one-stock portfolio will also decreasing at the same time. In Modern Portfolio Theory, the Sharpe Ratio is use to find the best proportion of the possible securities used and also a measurement for return to risk. The formula for Sharpe Ratio is: S(x) = ( rx   -   Rf ) / StdDev(x) where x is some investment rx is the average annual rate of return of x Rf is the best available rate of return of a risk-free security (i.e. cash) StdDev(x) is the standard deviation of rx The Sharpe Ratio of X is the slope of the line joining cash with X There is another calculation method to calculate the expected return for two assets portfolio, which is ERP = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wiERi Portfolio Strategies According to Mr. Markowitz, there are two types of portfolio strategies which are passive portfolio strategies and active portfolio strategies. The passive portfolio strategy is a strategy that will relies more on the minimum of input in order to have better performances in some of the market index. The other one, active portfolio strategy is a strategy that uses all the market information or available information and evaluating techniques to get a better portfolio performance. In addition, there are 3 types of portfolio, which are patient, aggressive and conservative portfolio. The patient portfolio is mostly the famous taken stock and has the most holders and buyers for longer time period. Those also reflect of the high growth companies and having the higher profit of income. The aggressive portfolio is those having higher return, higher risk and also has the most potential of future development stock. However, the aggressive portfolio would experience unexpected turnovers over time. The conservative portfolios have a stable and trustable earnings growth and history of dividend. Argument of Modern Portfolio Theory When Markowitz and Sharpe first created this theory, they define risk and volatility. This theory concept is the greater the volatility, the higher the beta, the greater the risk. Yet, there are no proof that measuring volatility as risk is a good measurement. In (J. Michael Murphy, Efficient Markets, Index Funds, Illusion, and Reality,  Journal of Portfolio Management  (Fall 1977), pp. 5-20.), it states that I realized returns appear to be higher than expected low low-risk securities and lower than expected for high-risk securities or that the [risk-reward] relationship was far weaker than expected. He also stated that Other important studies have concluded that there is not necessarily any  stable  relationship between risk and return; that there often may be virtually no relationship between return achieved and risk taken; and that high volatility unit trusts were not compensated by greater returns. In Haugen and Heins, Risk and the Rate of Return on F inancial Assets: Some Old Wine in New Bottles,  Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis  (December 1975), pp 775-84) concluded that The results of our empirical effort do not support the conventional hypothesis that risk systematic or otherwise generates a special reward. These papers were published in the mid to late 70s, just as EMH and MPT were really taking off and revolutionizing the way Wall Street invested money. In year 2008 economy meltdown, lots of stocks were losing money. Yet, only a few assets classes performed well, namely gold, oil, gasses and Treasury bond. These assets classes have very low risk or volatility. Moreover, calculating beta is practically very difficult. https://www.smart401k.com/Content/Education/Smart401k/Home/advanced-retirement-investing/Modern-Portfolio-Theory.aspx https://www.efficientfrontier.com/ef/996/basics.htm https://www.investopedia.com/walkthrough/corporate-finance/4/return-risk/portfolios.aspx

Essay on The Great Classics of the Classical Period

Following the Baroque period, the Classical period is one of the greatest musical eras in history. The style flowed directly off of its Baroque predecessors, smooth, but differing in the tempo. Many of the greatest composers emanated from the Classical era, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven among them. This time period transformed the course of not just musical history, but that of the entire modern western world. Johann Sebastian Bach was the Alpha and the Omega of the Baroque period. Classical music, as we refer to it today, is usually thought of as any music that mainly consists of orchestral instruments, but as a matter of fact, it actually was its own period in music history. The classical period arrived out of reaction to the excesses†¦show more content†¦At the age of 26, Wolfgang relocated to Vienna to study under â€Å"Papa† Haydn. Sadly though, Mozart’s work was never appreciated during his lifetime, because of his new style of mixing tempos and rhythms. Mozart died young and broke at the age of 35, with really only one friend, his tutor, Haydn. Born 14 years after Mozart, Ludwig Van Beethoven is one of the most recognizable composers in history. He alone influenced classical music more than anyone else in history. His 5th symphony is one of the most listened to, and identifiable by any class of people, in the world. Like Mozart, Beethoven moved to Vienna in his 20’s to further his musical talent. Also, following in Mozart’s footsteps, he studied under none other than â€Å"Papa† Haydn, himself. The expressiveness of Beethoven’s music typified his extreme temper. This temper just magnified when, at the age of 31, Beethoven realized he was losing his hearing. This event led Beethoven to single-handedly bring music out of the Classical period and into the articulateness, Romantic era. The Classical period was monumental in securing the popularity of â€Å"classical† music in today’s world. I ts style is intriguing to todays â€Å"pop influenced† youth and adults. The musicians it created, changed the face of the planet. Without the classical period, who knows, we might still be using horse-drawn buggies to go see a modern Mozart play some of the classics from the classicalShow MoreRelatedMusic As A Form Of Art1125 Words   |  5 PagesMusic is an art to reflect human’s emotion. It is the science or art of using tones and sounds in association and in temporal relationships to make construction having unity and continuity.It can be divided into classical music, pop music, folk music and instrumental music. In the types of art, music belongs to abstract art. Music can make people pleasant and bring enjoyment of auditory sense to people.Music refer to an art include melody, rhythm ,harmony vocal and instrumental sounds.There is noRead MoreCulture And Technology During The Paleo Indian Period882 Words   |  4 PagesIt was during the Paleo-Indian period when early nomads crossed into the Americas over 15,000 years ago. These were the First People to inhabit the Americas. They d first crossed into North America until eventually splitting off from other groups and eventually migrating south through Mexico into the Yucatà ¡n Peninsula of Mesoamerica. These migrating â€Å"First People† in the Maya region developed their tool and hunting technologies and went from being nomadic hunter-gatherers into forming moreRead MoreEssay about Clash of the Titans Critique1162 Words   |  5 Pages(1981) Cultural Accuracy The classic cinematic masterpiece â€Å"The Clash of the Titans† tells the tale of Perseus, one of the first great hero’s of ancient Greece. 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The Classic period had many developments suchRead MoreThe Classical Nature of the Sui Dynasty661 Words   |  3 PagesClassical WHAT IS CLASSICAL? There are multiple meanings of classical, originally the term â€Å"classical† is a way to describe the literature, culture and art of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Though this is the original definition of the word â€Å"classical† it is well argued that many different civilizations and arts, literature, and culture can be described as classical. EXAMPLE An example would be classic music as this would be referencing European music around the 18th to 19th centuryRead MoreClassical Music And The Music868 Words   |  4 PagesClassical composer Robert Schuman once said, To send light into the darkness of men s hearts-- such is the duty of the artist. Classical music is composed with such emotion it can leave an audience stricken with feelings after hearing a movement. The key is the emotion behind the music. It leaves listeners to wonder what was going on during that time in a composer’s life. Whether it was joyful and happy or depressing and dark, the audience wants to know the motive behind the composition ofRead MoreThe Influence of Classical Music on Modern Music1064 Words   |  4 PagesHow does the classical music influence the modern music? Classical music influence the modern music by styles`s creation, composing and rhythm ,also many artists use elements of classical music in their work, and some choose to quote or replicate it directly. For example,Walter Murphy’s disco hit â€Å"A Fifth of Beethoven† samples Beethoven’s Symphony No.5. The following picture shows The first 5 section is actually quoted from the Beethoven`s sample. It gained a great reaction. There is anotherRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Classical Era Of Music729 Words   |  3 Pages Ludwig Van Beethoven was recognized as a great composer in western music. Beethoven was also known for creating the bridge between the classical and romantic era of music. He is known for doing this because he took key aspects of the classical era and merged them with key aspects of the romantic era. The classical era of music dates from 1775-1825. The classical music era had a lighter and more clear texture (Kamien 161). The music from this era was mainly homophonic meaning that the music hadRead MoreArt : The Art Of Art1631 Words   |  7 Pagesart come out of the Americas was the visual arts of the people of the Caribbean, Central, North and South Americas. This type of art refers to all art produced until the late 15th century, and occasionally till the very early 16th. The end of this period of art is notably marked by the untimely arrival of the notorious western explorer Christopher Columbus’ landing in the Americas. The European discovery and exploration, or conquests of the Americas pre-Columbian art flourished all throughout bothRead MoreThe Influence of the Greeks and Romans on Architecture894 Words   |  4 Pagestimelessness.† (Gehry, 2012). What Frank Gehry was trying to say in simple terms was our culture cannot do without proper appreciation of its classical roots and it goes without saying that the Romans and Greeks have influenced art and architecture with its classical style in a number of different ways. Allow me to give a definition for the word classical. â€Å"Classical† refers to any art or architecture modelled after ancient Roman or Greek styles. In this essay I will be discussing what the word architecture

Service Marketing & Relationship Marketing-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Service Marketing and Relationship Marketing. Answer: Starbucks Front Stage Service Process Systems Significance of the Front Stage Service Encounter The primary role of the front stage service encounter is to be able to provide the consumer with a satisfying experience when they approach the company. Most organizations will opt for using front-stage employees who are stationed on site to deal with the consumer needs or sometimes, the organization may rely solely on technological appliances to serve the consumer (Teboul, 2006). As portrayed, Starbucks depends on both technology and employees at the front stage to be able to serve the consumer. In fact, most of the activity is done by the front stage employees who form most of the consumer relations at the front stage level. Accordingly, Starbucks outlets usually have employees who wear uniforms that represent the company and are responsible for setting up the premises in a manner that confirms to the consumer that they are receiving services from Starbucks Company (Carrie, 2012). The main significance of the front stage employees is that they are primarily responsible for the cons umer experience of the service and have a role in determining the reputation of the company outlets. For Starbucks, the outlets are meant to serve coffee products giving the consumer the full barista experience. Therefore, the main idea behind Starbucks front stage service is to ensure that the employees are able to relive the vision of their directors in providing the barista service while also ensuring that they work according to the consumer preferences. The implications are not as complex but the front stage employees also have to work with the demands of the consumer to ensure that they maintain a positive consumer relationship which may not auger with their employer requirements (Glushko R.J., and Tabas L., 2008).Nevertheless, the front stage processes are rather focused on the consumer experience such that the director requirements are mostly in line with what the experience the consumer expects to get. As in a normal barista, the Starbucks Front Stage experience is based on the manual services as opposed to more optimized services supported by technology. The approach is rather traditional of the barista outlets by other companies. (Zomerdijk, L.G. and Voss, C.A., 2010) explains that there are benefits to the use of technology in the sense that it results in convenience on both the consumer and the company. However, consumer still tend to prefer front stage services that rely more on front stage employees other than technological appliances, probably due to the fear of technical failures. The idea may form the basis of having a cashier and a barista to serve the coffee. Furthermore, (Stern, 2017) reports that Starbucks did not have a successful start in Australia due to the saturated market and the increased preference for barista coffee over instant coffee. The company therefore opts to provide the Australian consumer with a barista experience to ensure that they are able to retai n their new consumers. The use of front stage employees is therefore a flexible manner in which the company is able to change its consumer experience to differentiate itself from other barista outlets. Furthermore, the front stage system process allows the consumer to make real life connections to the company through a favorite barista or a friendly and satisfactory service which is more lasting than a simple money-service transaction. Starbucks Backstage Service System Process Significance of Back Stage Service Process The back store service processes have to complement the desired front stage service encounter. Starbucks barista coffee is aimed at providing the consumer with the quality product but at minimal financial loss which makes the back stage process an important aspect of the service delivery. The main significance of the back stage process is that it is the main driving machine of the service design. The activities in the back stage are what make possible the service that the consumer experiences at the front stage. Therefore there is always a need for a level of coordination and sometimes integration between the back stage and the front stage to deliver the best service experience to the consumer (Glushko, R.J. and Tabas, L. , 2009). Service design is important for Starbucks primarily because the barista coffee industry is rather competitive in Australia and most of the outlets provide their coffees at price ranges that are uniform across the companies. The service design is also, there fore, dependent largely on the back stage processes such that it forms part of the tangible and intangible brand experiences that keep the users loyal to the company. For Starbucks, the backstage processes involve keeping the premises welcoming for the consumer and ensuring that all the required resources are available to deliver service to the consumer on request. Some of the back stage processes include equipment maintenance, arrangement of working spaces, organizing for coordination of the payment and service process as well as face aspect of the outlets involving use of branded uniforms and menus. The perception of service encounters as information exchange may lead to the assumption that intense encounters may lead to a better service. However, the back stage process at Starbucks is focused on efficiency. The consumers are allowed to make their payments first as a means of alleviating the employee and space costs for waiters. The service is therefore delivered by a minimum number of employees who receive payments and prepare orders. (Zomerdijk, L.G. and Voss, C.A., 2010) suggests that intense interaction with the consumer is not only tedious but bears the risk of failing to satisfy consumer desires, contrary to expectations of most company owners. In this back stage process, Starbucks is focused on putting products and ingredients as well as equipment in place and working towards efficiently getting the consumers services as quickly as possible. After the consumer has made a decision on their order, the barista (but mostly, the cashier) quickly invoices their payment and make s receipts which the consumer uses to receive their orders. (Carrie, 2012) suggests that barista outlet owners should have an idea the most demanded types of coffee beforehand to be able to deliver quicker service. The back stage process therefore influences the front stage orderliness and timeliness in provision of services. As the consumer receives payment and waits to be called for the order the barista works on making the coffee such that the consumer gets the barista experience in terms of suggesting their own ingredient and art preferences. Bibliography Glushko, R.J. and Tabas, L. . (2009). Information Systems and E-Business Management, 407-427. Carrie, D. (2012). What a Starbucks Barista Can Teach You About Good Customer Service Skills. Carrie Dils, n.d. Glushko R.J., and Tabas L. (2008). Bridging the "front stage" and "back stage" in service system design. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Proceedings of the 41st Annual, 106. Glushko, R.J and Tabas, L. . (n.d.). Bridging the "front stage. Stern, M. (2017). Is Starbucks pasing the buck to barista on consumer service. Retail Wire, n.d. Teboul, J. (2006). Service is front stage: positioning serices for value advantage. n.d, n.d. Zomerdijk, L.G. and Voss, C.A. (2010). Service design for experience-centric services. Journal of Service Research, 67-82

Quality Metrics It Project Management Essay Example

Quality Metrics It Project Management Essay This Project Quality Metrics Template is free for you to copy and use on your project and within your organization. We hope that you find this template useful and welcome your comments. Public distribution of this document is only permitted from the Project Management Docs official website at: www. ProjectManagementDocs. com Quality Metrics Company Name Street Address City, State Zip Code Date Table of Contents Introduction2 Metrics2 Metrics Measurement and Data Collection4 Quality Management Review4 Introduction Quality metrics are a key component of an effective quality management plan and are the measurements used in ensuring customers receive acceptable products or deliverables. Quality metrics are used to directly translate customer needs into acceptable performance measures in both products and processes. Project managers must be able to assess the progress, efficiency, and performance of their projects and metrics are the means which allow project managers to do this. However, it is important to note that metrics must be established in an effort to directly improve the product or processes involved in the project. They must be attributable to an established goal, threshold, or customer requirement or else they provide no value. ABC Corporation has approved the Beta Tool project which requires the design, building, testing of the Beta Tool to be used with Argo Tooling Company’s proprietary fastening device CamBolt. In accordance with the Beta Tool Quality Management Plan, ABC Corp. will use various metrics in order to ensure efficient processes are established and that the product meets the customer requirements for delivery. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Metrics It Project Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Metrics It Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Metrics It Project Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All metrics have been reviewed and approved by internal executive leadership and project sponsor as well as the customer, Argo Tooling Co. Metrics This section should list the metrics chosen for this project and a description of each. These descriptions should include an explanation of how the metric applies to the quality of the product or process it is being used to measure. Additionally, any thresholds or limits should be clearly stated in this section. Metrics should always be clear, measurable, controllable, and reportable. Based on customer product requirements, internal process standards, and applicable industry standards, the following metrics have been established for the Beta Tool Project. These metrics have been reviewed and approved internally and with the customer, Argo Tooling Co. : a. Tensile Strength: The Beta Tool will be used in various industrial environments under high material stress loads. Based on anticipated customer usage and industry tooling standards, it has been determined that the tensile strength of the Beta Tool must meet or exceed 500 mega-pascals (MPa). Tensile strength will be measured for each prototype of ABC Corp. ’s tensile bench. The results will be verified by ABC Corp. ’s Material Testing Manager and presented to stakeholders in the monthly Beta Tool Quality Management Review. b. Shear Strength: The Beta Tool will be subject to potentially high stress torque loads in various applications. Based on anticipated customer usage and industry tooling standards, it has been determined that the shear strength of the Beta Tool must meet or exceed 375 MPa. Shear strength will be measured for each prototype on ABC Corp. s shear stress bench. The results will be verified by ABC Corp. ’s Material Testing Manager and presented to stakeholders in the monthly Beta Tool Quality Management Review. c. Customer Satisfaction: The Beta Tool is being developed for usage by Argo Tooling Co. technicians. Each prototype will be tested by a panel of Argo technicians on various criteria. Argo technicians will be asked to rate the B eta Tool on a scale of 1 to 10 for each criteria. The scores will then be calculated to determine a total average score. Customer satisfaction much be greater than or equal to 8 out of 10 for each criteria with no individual score lower than a 7. ABC Corp. will then solicit feedback from Argo technicians on areas for improvement. 1) Customer Satisfaction Criteria: Comfort, Ergonomic Functionality, Adjustability, Aesthetics, Size, Dexterity d. Material Scrap: In order to minimize costs and reduce waste, ABC Corp. has internally established metrics for measuring and controlling material scrap for its tool manufacturing efforts. The Beta Tool Project will be subject to internal guidelines regarding material scrap. The Beta Tool manufacturing process must result in material waste below 1% of the total material used in the manufacturing of one tool. Waste is defined as material that cannot be re-used or re-allocated for another purpose. Waste will be calculated for each prototype. No manufacturing process will be approved unless it yields less than 1% of waste material per unit manufactured. Only once this has been achieved will the process be approved for operations. e. Product Defect Rate: In order to minimize costs, reduce waste, and achieve consistent quality, ABC Corp. as internally established metrics for measuring and controlling product defects. The Beta Tool Project will be subject to internal guidelines regarding product defects. The approved manufacturing process must be repeatable, produce a Beta Tool product which meets previous quality metrics, and incurs a defect rate less than one item per every five hundred. Product defects result in wasted costs for manufacturing personnel and equipment, material waste, and re-work. In order to minimize the impact of these costs all Beta Tools will be measured against approved specifications and metrics. Each tool must conform to the metrics herein while also meeting product specifications within the allowable tolerances contained in the project scope. |Metric |Standard |Frequency |Report | |Tensile Strength |? 500 MPa |Per prototype |Monthly Quality Management | | | | |Review (QMR) | |Shear Strength |? 75 MPa |Per prototype |Monthly QMR | |Customer Satisfaction |8/10 or higher with no |Per prototype |Monthly QMR | | |individual score below 7 | | | |Material Waste |lt; 1% based on total material |Per prototype |Monthly QMR | | |used per tool | | | |Product Defect Rate |lt; 1 out of 500 |Per production of 500 tools |As achieved | Metrics Measurement and Data Collection This section should describe in detail how metrics measurements will be taken and what will be done with the data. These measurements are key to the success of the product and project and there must be clear documentation on how the data will be used. As each Beta Tool prototype is completed the project’s quality manager will measure the tool against the customer specifications contained in the project scope. These specifications pertain to the specific dimensions of the tool and its total weight. The quality manager will ensure that the prototype falls within the allowable specification tolerances and document the findings on the quality inspection form contained in the Project Quality Management Plan. Additionally, the manufacturing line manager and Project Manager will calculate material waste by determining the percentage of waste as compared to the total amount of material used for the tool. The Project Manager will document these findings and consolidate them to present at the Quality Management Review. Once the tool is determined to meet the customer specifications, it will be submitted to the Argo Technical Manager where Argo technicians will test the tool for 2 days. Upon completion of testing the Argo Technical Manager will return the tool to the ABC Project Manager along with the completed customer satisfaction forms contained in the Project Quality Management Plan. Once the tool is determined to meet customer satisfaction requirements the Project Manager will submit the tool to the Materials Testing Manager where it will undergo tensile and shear strength tests in the Material Lab. The Materials Testing Manager and Project Manager will verify and document all findings and consolidate the data for presentation at the Quality Management Review. Once all measurements are completed for each prototype, the Project Manager, Quality Manager, and Project Team will meet to review and compile data and develop their recommendations based on the findings. If any of the metrics have not been satisfied, the Project Manager will include recommendations for correcting the metric in the Quality Management Review. This may be a small change to a process parameter or consist of a larger scale process or product quality improvement initiative. This free Project Quality Metrics Template is brought to you by www. ProjectManagementDocs. com

Color Symbolism used in the Great Gatsby

Color Symbolism used in the Great Gatsby Free Online Research Papers In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald emphasizes Jay Gatsby’s longing and desire to be with Daisy Buchanan. Gatsby and Daisy had met five years prior to when the book takes place, but Gatsby left for the war and Daisy hadn’t heard from him since. In this way the story should seem like a classic love story, where two lovers are happily reunited, but it is not. It is a story of unfulfilled longing, obsession, and an American dream that can never be satisfied. Throughout the book it seems that Fitzgerald vividly uses a variety of colors to represent important aspects of his book. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald suggests through the symbolism of the colors green and white, that what Gatsby believes is love, is in fact only a dream. In The Great Gatsby, the color green symbolizes a sense of false hope for Gatsby. The main source of the color green in this book is the green light at the end of the dock between Daisy and Gatsby’s house. The light represents Gatsby’s many years of longing and wanting. His dream and everything that he has worked for in his life for the past five years has all been for her. His dream of being with Daisy is finally realized when Nick helps set him up on a date with her. However, after his dream of having her is realized, the sense of hope and longing that he has had for years is now gone. This is shown in the end of the book when Nick is quoted in saying, â€Å"I sat there brooding on the old, unkno wn world, I thought of Gatsby’s wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock.†(180) â€Å"His dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him.† (180) Along with these quotes, Daisy says, â€Å"Even alone I can’t say that I never loved Tom, it wouldn’t be true.†(133) This series of quotes suggests that Fitzgerald wants us to see that Gatsby struggles to live in the present time. Daisy has already moved on from the five years prior when the two were together. His dream will now never become a reality, making the green light a sense of false hope. While this might make sense if one believes that Gatsby truly loves Daisy, I believe that their love was completely false from the beginning. White is a color that is used commonly in The Great Gatsby. When you think of the color white, often you think of purity. However, in this book Fitzgerald suggests that the color white symbolizes a faà §ade. This can be seen in almost every character but I will focus on Gatsby and Daisy’s relationship. Daisy is described throughout the book as having white fingers, a white face, and is often seen wearing white dresses. Through Fitzgerald’s companionship of white with Daisy, I believe that she never truly loved Gatsby. After Nick sets Gatsby up with Daisy he starts daydreaming and says, â€Å"One autumn night five years ago they came to a place where there were no trees and the sidewalk was white with moonlight. They stopped here and turned toward each other. His heart beat faster and faster as Daisy’s white face came up to his own.† (110) This is the scene where the two first kiss and supposedly solidify their love for one another. Throughout this particular passage the color white is mentioned numerous times. I believe that Fitzgerald did this to show that Gatsby and Daisy’s â€Å"love† was a faà §ade or a mask that the two could hide behind. It allowed them to act as completely different people and have different feelings than what they truly have. The kiss wasn’t out of true love at all. Gatsby doesn’t actually love Daisy, he loves what she represents. While Daisy doesn’t truly love Gatsby, she loves all of the attention and materials that he has to offer to her. When Gatsby came back to Daisy, he had to completely change himself to be good enough for her. Daisy was satisfied with the security and safety that she had by being married to a wealthy man. Gatsby felt that if he would be able to get Daisy back he would have to devote his life to become perfect for her, making her the unattainable goal or the sense of longing that he loved more than Daisy herself. â€Å"True love† was never shown in this book between Daisy and Gatsby; both of their lives were all about materialism. Research Papers on Color Symbolism used in the Great GatsbyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on Children

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a Research Paper

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a digital forensic investigation - Research Paper Example In addition, discussion will also be helpful for network administrators in understanding different aspects of computer forensics, which will help them in ensuring greater security of their organizations strategically. Before assessing the topic, it is very essential to understand the definition of digital forensics that has been under the process of acquiring recognition due to dearth of research in the area and due to lack of awareness about importance of digital forensics in today’s competitive world. Briefly, forensics is the process in which experts utilize scientific means and skills to collect and analyze evidence that then can be submitted in the court for legal purpose (Kent, Chevaller, Grance, & Dang, 2006). In this regard, digital forensics is a newly-born discipline that is gradually acquiring its importance as a formal area of study that deals with scientific knowledge in collection of evidence from different sources of data related to computers that involve deskto ps, laptops, routers, CCTV, network hubs, logs, software, time packages, emails, etc (ENFSI, 2003). It is very imperative to understand that since digital forensics is a new area of study that is still under the process of standardization, therefore, discussion in this paper related to different sources of data might not be the final word. Thus, it will take further study and investigation to reach to a conclusion in terms of prioritizing these sources in terms of their utilization in different events/incidents. In addition, from a technical perspective, it is also essential to understand that besides assessing different sources of data, it is equally important to ensure fulfillment of primary goal of digital forensics that is about preservation of the identified data source. It has been an observation that investigators usually are able to identify important data sources; however, they overlook preservation of the sources that results in unacceptable of evidence in the court. SOURC ES OF DATA As mentioned earlier, digital forensic investigation has been divided into different stages of preservation, collection, examination, and analysis (ENFSI, 2003). Collection stage is relevant in this paper as it involves identification and collection of information pertinent to the case under investigation. In case of usual forensics, everything is a source since investigators are able to gather information from people and acquire fingerprints from clothes, furniture, floors, etc. However, when it comes to digital forensics, information is usually available in computers of computerized equipments, such as phone logs, web traffic, packet sniffers, network records, etc (ENFSI, 2003), and therefore, it is usually not possible to take away the whole equipment, and investigators have to collect the information while ensuring complete preservation. In digital forensics, besides four stages, one can categorize the stage of collection in two parts. Firstly, investigators collect b ackground evidence that refers to the data that is usually available and stored for usual organizational purposes (Sheldon, 2002). On the other hand, investigators also come across

Fashion interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fashion interview - Research Paper Example The essay "Fashion interview" provides the interview in fashion. Interviewer: Tell me a little about yourself. Where are you from? What is your educational background? What are your general professional and non-professional interests? Nayla: My name is Nayla. I am from Bahrain and I am studying graphic design. I enjoy all areas of design. I like to draw and listen to music in my spare time. Interviewer: How did you get into fashion design? Nayla: It has always been an interest while growing up. I just finally decided it was time to pursue it. Interviewer: Did you want to become a fashion designer when you were young? Nayla: As I said earlier, it has always been an interest growing up. While in high school, I kept going back and forth not being able to decide what to major in and one of the choices was fashion design. Although it is not my major, I do enjoy it very much. Interviewer: What inspired you to get into fashion design? Nayla: The joy of wearing good clothes. Interviewer: Wha t do you enjoy most about designing clothes? Nayla: Fashion really is about who you are and how you want to be perceived. So designing something that helps a person achieve that and feel confident makes me happy. Interviewer: What is the most challenging part? Nayla: People’s taste. You never know how the public will react to a piece you design until you test the market. That is what makes me nervous and challenges me to create something likeable by a bigger audience. Interviewer: What do you think are the latest fashion trends?

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay Example for Free

Effects of British Colonial Rule in India Essay The colonization of India and the immense transfer of wealth that moved from the latter to Britain were vital to the success of the British Empire. In fact, the Viceroy of British India in 1894 called India â€Å"the pivot of our Empire †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I examine the effects of the Industrial Revolution on the subcontinent. Besides highlighting the fact that without cheap labor and raw materials from India, the modernization of Britain during this era would have been highly unlikely, I will show how colonial policy led to the privation and death of millions of natives. I conclude that while India undoubtedly benefited from British colonial rule, the negatives for the subject population far outweighed the positives. . Colonialism, by definition, is exploitative and oppressive, with the rulers enriching themselves at the expense of those they rule. Generally speaking, colonizers dominate a territory’s resources, labor force, and markets; oftentimes, they impose structures cultural, religious and/or linguistic to maintain control over the indigenous population. The effects of the expansion of European empires, which began in the 15th century, on the colonized can still be felt today. Some historians, for example, argue that colonialism is one of the leading causes in income inequality among countries in present times. They cite patterns of European settlement as determinative forces in the type of institutions developed in colonized countries, considering them major factors in economic backwardness. Economist Luis Angeles has argued that the higher the percentage of Europeans settling in a colony at its peak, the greater the inequality in that country so long as the settlers remained a minority, suggesting that the colonizers drained those lands of essential resources while reaping most, if not all, of the profits. In terms of per capita GDP in 1995, the 20 poorest countries were all former colonies, which would seem to bolster Angeles’ contention. There are, however, competing views on how much underdevelopment in today’s poorest countries is a byproduct of colonial rule and how much of it is influenced by factors such as a country’s lack of natural resources or area characteristics. For poet, activist and politician Aime Cesaire, the verdict was in: Colonizers were â€Å"the decisive actors †¦ the adventurer and the pirate, the wholesale grocer and the ship owner, the gold digger and the merchant, appetite and force, and behind them, the baleful projected shadow of a form of civilization which, at a certain point in its history, finds itself obliged, for internal reasons, to extend to a world scale the competition of its antagonistic economies. This is not to suggest that Western European nations were the first and only countries to pursue imperialistic policies or that nothing good came out of colonial policies for the subject population. Dinesh D’Souza, while arguing that colonialism has left many positive as well as negative legacies, has stressed that there is nothing uniquely Western about colonialism, writing: â€Å"Those who identify colonialism and empire only with the West either have no sense of history or have forgotten about the Egyptian empire, the Persian empire, the Macedonian empire, the Islamic empire, the Mongol empire, the Chinese empire, and the Aztec and Inca empires in the Americas. † For this paper’s purposes, however, I will focus on the British Empire, its colonizing efforts in India (1757-1947), and the effects British policy had on that subject population. A couple of caveats before examining the British-Indian relationship: experiences differed from colony to colony during this period of European imperialism; India was unique in the colonial experience because of its size and history. It also should be noted that India was rather unique among colonized lands during this era for at least two reasons. First, South Asia was â€Å"already a major player in world commerce and possessed a well-developed trading and financial world† by the time Europeans arrived. Indigenous administrative structures already existed for taxation purposes, while commerce within the country and throughout the continent offered prospects of giant profits. Second, British India, which included today’s India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was a region so large that there were areas in which Britain exercised direct control over the subject population and others where it exerted indirect control. It is exceedingly difficult, therefore, to extrapolate from one experience to another. Although it is impossible to determine how India would have developed had England never established a dominating presence there, I find the results of British colonialism to have been a mixed bag for India: the negatives, however, far outweighed the positives. Liberal and democratic aspects of British colonialism in India played a significant role in leading to a democratic South Asia following Indian independence in 1947. Yet, the British first through the East India Company and then through direct government control held almost all of the political and economic power in India during the Empire’s expansion and apogee, guaranteeing the Indian economy could not evolve and/or function independent of the ruling power’s control; ensuring raw materials extracted from Indian soil would go towards British manufacturing industries mostly without profiting the vast majority of Indians; and leading to lives of privation for millions of indigenous subjects. Although there have been arguments made that, in political and economic terms, south Asia was backwards until the arrival of Europeans, recent research has debunked that myth, showing the region to have possessed healthy trading and financial structures prior to the Europeans’ arrival. British Colonial Strategy in the Subcontinent Imperial powers followed two basic strategies when colonizing. They either allowed a large number of Europeans to settle overseas (known as Settler Colonies) or sent a much smaller number – usually less than 1 percent of the population to serve as administrators and tax collectors (known as Peasant Colonies). Britain followed the latter strategy in regards to India. The percentage of English people in India in 1913, for example, was only 0. 1 percent of the country’s population; by comparison, they accounted for over one-fifth (21. 4 percent) of the population in South Africa and Losetho during the same period. As previously mentioned, Britain exerted both direct and indirect control over the Indian subcontinent. Areas of indirect control are called â€Å"native states. These were controlled by Indian rulers who wielded considerable power over the internal administration of the land, while the British exercised complete control over the area’s defense and foreign policies. When looking at this two-pronged approach Britain took in establishing an Indian colony, the economist Lakshmi Iyer has argued that there is a differential long-term effect on areas the Empire controlled directly compared to areas in which it basically outsourced control. Rather than expropriating Indian land, which was negligible, the English taxed Indian land, producing considerable revenues and inducing the indigenous population to shift from traditional to commercial products (e. g. tea). Areas that were directly under British control today have significantly lower levels of public goods relative to areas that were not under direct colonial rule. In 1961, for example, districts (administrative divisions below state level) that had been under direct control of the British Empire had lower levels of primary and middle schools, as well as medical dispensaries. Present-day differences between directly and indirectly controlled areas, Iyer argues, are most likely the result of differences in internal administration during the colonial period because once the British left in 1947, all the native states were integrated into independent India and have since been subject to a uniform administrative, legal and political structure. The Company and the Crown By the middle of the 18th century, there were five major European colonial powers the Dutch Republic, France, Great Britain, Portugal, and Spain. From about 1850 on, however, Britain’s overseas empire would be unrivaled; by 1901, the empire would encompass 11. 2 million square miles and rule about 400 million people. For much of the 19th and 20th centuries, India was Britain’s largest and economically most important colony, an â€Å"empire within an empire. † It should be noted that although this period coincided with the birth of the Industrial Revolution historians and economists have cast doubt on whether industrialization was the sine qua non for British imperialism. They have noted that England’s first major advance into the Indian subcontinent began in Bengal in the middle of the 18th century, long before large-scale mechanization turned Britain into the â€Å"workshop of the world. † Historian P. J. Marshall, in studying early British imperialism, has written: â€Å"As a blanket term the Industrial Revolution explains relatively little about British expansion in general at the end of the eighteenth century. † While Marshall and others may be correct in asserting the British would have pursued empire even without the Industrial Revolution, its advent impacted colonial policy in that it required expanded markets and a steady supply of raw materials to feed the country’s manufacturing industries. Cotton, for example, was one of the driving forces behind the evolution of Britain’s modern economy. British traders purchased raw cotton fibers from plantations, processed it into cotton cloth in Lancashire mills, and then exported them to the colonial markets including India. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, India had been the world’s main producer of cotton textiles, with a substantial export trade. By the early nineteenth century, however, Britain had taken over dominating the world market for cotton textiles based on technology that lowered production costs . â€Å"This dramatic change in international competitive advantage during the Industrial Revolution was surely one of the key episodes in the Great Divergence of living standards between Europe and Asia. † Britain’s 200-year run ruling India began in the mid-17th century when the British East India Company set up trading posts in Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. In 1757, Robert Clive led Company-financed troops – led by British officers and staffed by native soldiers known as sepoys in a victory over French-backed Indian forces. The victory at the Battle of Plassey made the East India Company the leading power in the country. It would dominate India for just over 100 years, the area it controlled growing over that time to encompass modern Bangladesh, a majority of southern India and most of the territory along the Ganges River in the north of the country. The East India Company’s control of Bengal alone yielded taxes of nearly  £3 million; by 1818, its territorial revenues in India stood at  £22 million, allowing it to finance one of the world’s largest standing armies. This established British rule well before the Industrial Revolution could have played any major role in Britain expanding its overseas empire, strengthening historians’ – Marshall, et al. – arguments regarding the significance, or lack thereof, of the role mechanization in England had in the country’s expansionist efforts. The fact remains, however, that Britain in the 19th century would become the world’s leading industrial power and India a major source of raw materials for its industry. What’s more, the subcontinent’s population of 300 million would constitute a huge source of revenue and a gigantic market for British-made goods. Although, the English expanded gradually in India during those first 100 years of colonization, once the British government gained control of the country’s administration following the Indian War of Independence in 1857, India was virtually incorporated into the British Empire and became its â€Å"crown jewel. † During the life of the Britain Empire, India was its most profitable colony. Examples of huge returns on British investments in India based on surviving business records are plentiful. To give two examples: Binny and Co. , which was founded in 1799 with 50,000 rupees in capital, returned profits of 140,000 rupees only 12 years later; and William Mackinnon’s Indian General Steam and Navigation Co. , which began trading in 1847 and whose assets five years later were valued at more than nine times the original capital of 72,000 rupees. The 1852 prospectus of the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China stated that â€Å"bearing in mind the very high rate of interest which prevails in the East and the very lucrative nature of the Exchange Business †¦ a very large Annual Dividend may be looked for with certainty. British investment in India increased enormously over the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. According to economist James Foreman-Peck, by the end of 1911, 373 stock companies were estimated to be carrying on business exclusively or almost exclusively in India, yet were registered elsewhere, with the average size of those companies (railways accounted for nearly half of the capital, and tea plantations about one-fifth) dwarfing the far more numerous – 2,463 Indian-registered companies. The discrepancies between the two are stark. The companies registered outside India had paid-up capital of â‚ ¤77.979 million and debentures of â‚ ¤45.353 million compared to â‚ ¤46.251 million and â‚ ¤6 million, respectively, for Indian-registered companies. According to Foreman-Peck, â€Å"The magnitude of foreign investment and the rate of return on it, broadly defined, have been seen as a means by which empire imposed burdens on colonies and boosted the imperial nation’s economy. † This was not an idea that could only be gleaned in hindsight. Writing at the end of the 19th century, historian Brooks Adams wrote the following: Probably since the world began no investment has yielded the profit reaped from the Indian plunder. The amount of treasure wrung from the conquered people and transferred from India to English banks between Plassey and Waterloo (fifty-seven years) has been variously estimated at from $2,500,000,000 to $5,000,000,000. The methods of plunder and embezzlement by which every Briton in India enriched himself during the earlier history of the East India Company gradually passed away, but the drain did not pass away. The difference between the earlier day and the present is that Indias tribute to England is obtained by indirect methods under forms of law. It was estimated by Mr.  Hyndman some years ago that at least $175,000,000 is drained away every year from India without a cents return. Plunder and Famine At the time Britain established its colony on the subcontinent, the Indian economy was based predominantly on agriculture. Iyer has shown that since the Indian economy was so dependent on farming, British annexation policy focused on acquiring land with the most agricultural potential, guaranteeing that land taxation would be the East India Company’s/British government’s biggest source of income throughout the colonial period. In 1765-66, the East India Company had collected â€Å"the equivalent of  £1,470,000; and by 1790-1791, this figure had risen to  £2,680,000. † To ensure the land-revenue system, known as â€Å"tax farming,† would continue to supply money to the East India Company’s treasury, the Company introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793, an agreement between it and absentee landlords, known as zaminders. Through this policy, peasants who worked the land became the tenants of the zaminders, who, for themselves and the tax collectors, extracted as much as possible from those who cultivated the land. This settlement created a class of Indian landowners loyal to the English and a division in the rural society between the tenants and landlords, which last well into the 20th century. Indian climate is characterized by the monsoon, which generally includes nine months of dry weather followed by three months of rains known as the monsoon. At least once in a decade, the monsoon fails to arrive and a drought occurs. Indians for centuries had set aside a portion of crops to ensure there would be adequate food in times of drought. This practice was so successful that between the 11th and 18th centuries, India experienced only 14 major famines; yet, from 1765-1858, when it was under East India Company control, India suffered through 16 major famines, followed by an average of one famine every two years under British Colonial Office rule from 1859-1914. Under British rule during the 18th century, over 25 million Indians died of famine between: 1 million between 1800 and 1825, 4 million between 1825 and 1850, 5 million between 1850 and 1875, and 15 million between 1875 and 1900 ; more than 30 million deaths occurred from famine between 1870 and1910. Why did tens of millions die from starvation under the East India Company and the British Raj? Why, comparatively speaking, did so many famines occur under Britain’s watch? Historian Laxman D. Satya argues the famines were price-induced and that timely government intervention could have prevented millions of deaths from starvation. State intervention was minimal, however; Lord Curzon acknowledged once that a famine in Indian excited no more attention in Britain than a squall on the Serpentine. Like other European imperialists in the late 18th century, Britain – first through the East India Company – followed a laissez-faire doctrine whereby government interference in the economy was anathema; in addition, famine later was seen as a natural way to control overpopulation. According to Satya, â€Å"†¦ any act that would influence the prices of grains such as charity was to be either strictly monitored or discouraged. Even in the face of acute distress, relief had to be punitive and conditional. † The powers that be also began using famine labor to build an infrastructure – railways, roads – ensuring that revenues would continue to increase, expenditures would be kept low; worst of all, the new infrastructure allowed for the exportation of grain that could have fed the starving. Studies have shown that even in years of official famine – Britain only recognized three periods of famine there was never a shortage of food grains. The problem was that with prices for grains so high and wages stagnant, most people could not afford to buy them. As an example, during the Indian Famine of 1887-88, nearly 44 percent of total exports from Berar, one of the hardest hit provinces, were food grains. Between 1874 and 1903 the province exported an average over 40 tons of grain, and Satya has shown that this could have amounted for nearly 30. pounds of food per person. Historian and social commentator Mike Davis has cited even evidence that grains were exported to Europe for speculative trading while millions were dying of starvation. Since the primary concern for the government was maximizing returns on investments, it didn’t prioritize famine relief, considering those expenditures wasteful; therefore, relief camps were â€Å"deliberately kept in remote locations and beyond the reach of the physically weakened population. What’s more, people seeking relief were required to work on colonial projects as a condition for receiving food – as little as 16-22 ounces of food for a minimum of nine-10 hours of often grueling labor Fearing that Indian nationalists would take to the newspapers – in general, the government had a comparatively lax policy toward the press the Raj implemented tight press control through various laws including the Newspaper Act of 1908 and the Indian Press Act of 1910. It’s important to note that despite these and other attempts at press censorship, a large number of vernacular newspapers were published throughout the country and played an integral role in creating a nationalist/political consciousness in India.

The Reality of Science :: Psychology Essays

The Reality of Science Science is defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary as "an area of knowledge that is an object of study". What is the object of scientific study? Through an adherence to the rules prescribed by the scientific method, researchers and students of the various scientific fields search for truths, as defined by what can be proven to really exist; in short, they searching for what is real. It is the quest to define reality, for the purpose of mastering it; perhaps, to one day be able to manufacture reality in a vast warehouse in the likeness of the landscape-altering remnants that litter the hills and meadows of industrialized nations around the globe. Through extensive research, theorizing and endless testing, retesting, and further retesting, scientists seek the common goal of determining the reality composing an exhaustive array of materials. Science, as we regard it today, was coaxed into consciousness by the ancient philosophers of Pre-Socratic fame. These legendary thinkers whiled away the days in deep contemplation regarding the nature and definition of reality. Out of the flames of the fire started by the investigations of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others, a fork in the road arose along the journey in pursuit of reality. Science is seldom seen as a branch of philosophy, yet to deny its association to philosophy would be to deny its own mother. Science has arisen from the epistemoligical branch of philosophy, that massive vine of the great oak tree that encompasses the pursuit of reality through the utilization of the five senses. This twisting, intertwining bough developed from the attempts by philosophers who sought to define reality through inspection, comparison, and logical deduction. Nothing is real but what can be felt, sensed, smelled, heard. This can be represented by the famed question "If a tree falls in the forest, but no one hears it, does it make a sound?" Philosophers in every school of thought continue to struggle with this question, which scientists have attempted to solve through methods of investigation. Still, the original question remains: Is a sound really a sound if it is not heard? If there are two people in the forest who both hear the tree fall, yet because of thier respectiv e locations they perceive entirely different sounds, how do we decide which one is real? Can reality take on opposing characteristics? Can the same sound be at once muffled and booming?

Single Phase Transformer

Transformer BEE2123 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Mohd Rusllim Bin Mohamed Ext: 2080 A1-E10-C09 [email  protected] edu. my  © MRM 05 Learning Outcomes ? At the end of the lecture, student should to: ? Understand the principle and the nature of static machines of transformer. Perform an analysis on transformers which their principles are basic to the understanding of electrical machines. ?  © MRM 05 Introduction ? ? ? ? A transformer is a static machines. The word „transformer? comes form the word „transform?.Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field, without a change in frequency. It can be either to step-up or step down. Transmission System TX1 TX1 Generation Station 33/13. 5kV 13. 5/6. 6kV Distributions TX1 TX1  © MRM 05 6. 6kV/415V Consumer Transformer Construction ? Two types of iron-core construction: a) b) C ore – type construction Shell – type construction ? Core – type construction  © MRM 05 Transformer Construction ? Shell – type construction MRM 05 Ideal Transformer ? An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i. e. it? s winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and therefore no I2 R and core loses. ? However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice. ? Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used in characterized the practical transformer. N1 : N2 I1 V1 E1 E2 I2 V2 V1 – Primary Voltage V2 – Secondary Voltage E1 – Primary induced Voltage E2 – secondary induced Voltage N1:N2 – Transformer ratio  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? Faraday? s Law states that, ?If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect of time. Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) dt Lenz? s Law If we have N turns of wire, Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) ? ?N dt  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? For an ac sources, ? Let V(t) = Vm sin? t i(t) = im sin? t Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; ?(t ) ? ? m sin ? t Then: Therefore: d? m sin ? t Vind ? Emf ind ? ? N dt ? ? N m cos ? t Thus: Vind ? Emfind (max) ? N m ? 2? fN? m N m 2? fN? m ? ? ? 4. 44 fN? m 2 2  © MRM 05 Emf ind ( rms) Transformer Equation For an ideal transformer E1 4. 44 fN1? m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (i) ? In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer. E2 4. 44 fN 2? m Input power ? output power V1 I1 cos ? ? V2 I 2 cos ? ? V1 I 2 ? V2 I1 ? From the ideal transformer circuit, note that, E1 ? V1 and E2 ? V2 ? Hence, substitute in (i)  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation Therefore, E1 N1 I 2 ? ? ? a E2 N 2 I1 Where, „a? is the Voltage Transformation Ratio ; which will determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up or step-down For a >1 For a E2 E1 < E2  © MRM 05Step-down Step-up Transformer Rating ? Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent Power. ? Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and rated voltage. VA ? V1I1 ? V2 I 2 ? Where, ? I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding. ? V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding. ? Rated currents are actually the full load currents in transformer  © MRM 05 Example 1. 1. 5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full load current. Solution 1500 I1FL ? ? 10. 45 A 144 1500 I 2 FL ? ? 6A 240  © MRM 05 Example 2.A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 60m2. If the primary winding is connected to a 50Hz supply at 520V, calculate: a) The induced voltage in the secondary winding b) The peak value of flux densit y in the core Solution N1=400 V1=520V A=60m2 N2=1000 V2=?  © MRM 05 Example 2 (Cont) a) Know that, N1 V1 a? ? N 2 V2 400 520 ? 1000 V2 V2 ? 1300V b) Emf, E ? 4. 44 fN ? m ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? known, E1 ? 520V , E2 ? 1300V E ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? 520 ? 4. 44(50)(400)( Bm )(60) Bm ? 0. 976 x10 ? 5Wb / m 2 (T )  © MRM 05 Example 3.A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz supply. Find: Full load primary and secondary current b) The induced voltage in the secondary winding c) The maximum flux in the core Solution VA = 25kVA N1=500 V1=3000V N2=50 V2=? a)  © MRM 05 Example 3 (Cont) a) Know that, VA ? V ? I I1FL VA 25 ? 103 ? ? ? 8. 33 A V1 3000 b) Induced voltage, N1 I 2 a? ? N 2 I1 ? 8. 33 ? I 2 ? 500? ? ? 83. 3 A ? 50 ? I1 ? 8. 33 ? E2 ? E1 ? 3000? ? ? 300V I2 ? 83. 3 ? c) Max flux E ? 4. 44 fN ? 300 ? 4. 44(50)(50)? ? ? 27mWb  © MRM 05Practical Transformer (Equivalent Circuit) I1 R1 X1 Ic V1 RC Io I1 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 V2 N1: N2 I2 R2 X2 V1 = primary supply voltage V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage E1 = primary winding voltage E2 = 2nd winding voltage I1 = primary supply current I2 = 2nd winding current I1? = primary winding current Io = no load current Ic = core current Im = magnetism current R1= primary winding resistance R2= 2nd winding resistance X1= primary winding leakage reactance X2= 2nd winding leakage reactance Rc  © MRM 05= core resistance Xm= magnetism reactance Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Actual MethodI1 R1 X1 Ic Io I2 ’ Im Load RC Xm E1 E2 V2 R2’ X2’ N1: N2 I2 V1 ? N1 ? R2 ‘ ? ? ? N ? R2 ? ? 2? ? N1 ? X2'? ? ? N ? X2 ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R1 X1 R2’ X2’ Ic V1 RC Io I2 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 N1: N2 I2 V2 ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R01 X01V1 aV2 In some application, the excitation branch has a small current compared to load current, thus it may be neglected without causing serious error. ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 R01 ? R1 ? R2 ‘  © MRM 05 X 01 ? X 1 ? X 2 ‘ Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Actual Method I1 ’ R1’ X1’ Ic Io I2 Im Xm’ R2 X2 V1 a RC’ V2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ?N ? V V1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 ? N ? a ? 1?  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Approximate Method I1 ’ R02 X02 Neglect the excitation branch V1 a V2 R02 ? R1 ‘? R2 X 02 ? X 1 ‘? X 2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ? N2 ? V ? ?V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 V1 ‘ ? ? N1 ? a ? ? I1 ‘ ? aI1  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2 Example 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 2600/245 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side. Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. ? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Example 4 (Cont) i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E1 V1 2600 a? ? ? ? 10. 61 E2 V2 245 R2 ‘ ? a 2 R2 2 V2 ‘ ? aV2 To refer parameters to primary, Use R2? =(10. 61)2 (7. 5) = 844. 65? , X2? =j(10. 61)2 (12. 4) = 1. 396k? Rc? and X c? becoz parameters were read from secondary side Rc? =(10. 61)2 (3. 3) = 371. 6? , Xm? =j(10. 61)2 (1. 5) = j168. 9 ?  © MRM 05 2nd I I2 ‘ ? 2 X2'? a X2 a Example (What if.. ) 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 245/2600 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side.Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Power Factor ? Power factor = angle between Current and Voltage, cos ? V I ? I ? = -ve Lagging ? V I V ? = +ve Leading ?=1 unity  © MRM 05 Example 5. A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V has primary resistance and reactance of 5. 5? and 12? respectively, while the resistance and reactance of secondary winding is 0. 2? and 0. 45 ? respectively. Calculate: i. ii. The parameter referred to high voltage side and draw the equivalent circuit The approximate value of seco ndary voltage at full load of 0. lagging power factor, when primary supply is 2000V.  © MRM 05 Example 5 (Cont) Solution R1=5. 5 ? , X1=j12 ? R2=0. 2 ? , X2=j0. 45 ? i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E V 2000 a? 1 ? 1 ? ? 4. 55 E2 V2 440 I1 R01 9. 64 V1 X01 21. 32 aV2 R2? =(4. 55)2 (0. 2) = 4. 14? , X2? =j(4. 55)20. 45 = j9. 32 ? Therefore, R01=R1+R2? =5. 5 + 4. 13 = 9. 64 ?  © MRM X01=X1+X2? =j12 + j9. 32 = j21. 3205? Example 5 (Cont) Solution ii) Secondary voltage p. f = 0. 8 Cos ? = 0. 8 ? =36. 87o 10 ? 103VA Full load, I FL ? ? 5A 2000V From eqn. cct, 1 V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 5)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Transformer Losses ? i. ii. Generally, there are two types of losses; Iron losses :- occur in core parameters Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance i. Iron Losses Piron ? Pc ? ( I c) 2 Rc ? Popen circuit ii. Copper Losses Pcopper ? Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R1 ? ( I 2) 2 R2 ? Pshort circuit or if referr ed , Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R01 ? ( I 2) 2 R02  © MRM 05 Poc and Psc will be discusses later in transformer test Transformer Efficiency ? To check the performance of the device, by comparing the output with respect to the input. ? The higher the efficiency, the better the system. Efficiency ,? Output Power ? 100% Input Power Pout ? ?100% Pout ? Plosses ? V2 I 2 cos ? ?100% V2 I 2 cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu ? ( fullload) ? ?(load n ) ? VA cos ? ?100% VA cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu nVA cos ? ?100% 2 nVA cos ? ? Pc ? n Pcu Where, if ? load, hence n = ? , ? load, n= ? , 90% of full load, n =0. 9 Where Pcu = Psc Pc = Poc  © MRM 05 nmax ? ? Poc VArated ? P ? ? sc ? ? ? VArated ? ? ? ? Pc VArated ? P ? ? cu ? ?VArated ? ? ? Voltage Regulation ? The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant secondary voltage over a range of load currents is called the transformer's voltage regulation ?The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of voltage drop between no lo ad and full load.  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation ? For calculation of Voltage Regulation, terminologies may be quite confusing, hence you need always think in current, I (A) point of view â€Å"Full-load† means the point at which the transformer ? is operating at maximum permissible secondary current ? When connected to load, current being drawn, hence Voltage drop) ? ? No Load means at Rated At no load, current almost zero, so takes Voltage at rated  © MRM 05 value – think like an open circuit) Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation can be determine based on 3 methods: a) b) c) Basic Definition Short – circuit Test Equivalent Circuit  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation (Basic Defination) ? In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side. ? Can be represented in either ? Down – voltage Regulation Note that: VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL (at Rated Value) VNL ? Up – Voltage Regulation VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VFL  © MRM 05 Vo ltage Regulation (Short – circuit Test) ? In this method, direct formula can be used. V . R ? V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Vsc cos c ? ? p. f ? V2 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Note that: „–? is for Lagging power factor „+? is for Leading power factor Must check that Isc must equal to IFL (I at Rated), otherwise  © MRM 05 can? t use this formula Voltage Regulation (Equivalent Circuit ) ? In this method, the parameters must be referred to primary or secondary V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 I 2 R02 cos ? p. f ? X 02 sin ? p. f V2 ? 100% 100% If referred to primary side V . R ? ? If referred to secondary side Note that: „+? is for Lagging power factor „–? is for Leading power factor  © MRM 05 assume j terms ~0Comment on VR ? Purely Resistive Load ? > 3 % is considered poor VR Normally poor than Resistive Load ? Inductive Load ? ? Example of application Desired Poor VR ? ? Disc harge lighting AC arc welders  © MRM 05 Example 6. In example 5, determine the Voltage regulation by using down – voltage regulation and equivalent circuit. Question 5 A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V and V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 55)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Example Solution Down – voltage Regulation Know that, V2FL=422. 6V V2NL=440V Therefore, V .R ? VNL ? VFL ? 100% VNL 440 ? 422. 6 ? ?100% 440 ? 3. 95%  © MRM 05 Example 6 (Cont) Equivalent Circuit I1=5A R01=9. 64? X01 = 21. 32? V1=2000V, 0. 8 lagging p. f V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? 100% 5 ? 9. 64(0. 8) ? 21. 32(0. 6)? ? ? 100% 2000 ? 5. 12%  © MRM 05 Example A short circuit test was performed at the secondary side of 10kVA, 240/100V transformer. Determine the voltage regulation at 0. 8 lagging power factor if Vsc =18V Isc =100 Psc=240W Solution Check: 7. I FL2 I FL2 VA 10000 ? ? ? 100 A V 100 ? I sc , Hence, we can use short-circuit method V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. ? V2  © MRM 05 ?100% Example 7 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ? 1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? sc ? cos ? 1 ? ? ? Psc ? ? ? ? Vsc I sc ? 18 cos 82. 34o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% 100  © MRM 05 ? 12. 62% ? ? 240 ? ? ? 82. 34 o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (18)(100) ? ? ? ? Example 8. The following data were obtained in test on 20kVA 2400/240V, 60Hz transformer. Vsc =72V Isc =8. 33A Psc=268W Poc=170W The measuring instrument are connected in the primary side for short circuit test. Determine the voltage regulation for 0. 8 lagging p. f. use all 3 methods), full load efficiency and half load efficiency.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ?1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? ? 268 ? ? ? 63. 4o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (72)(8. 33) ? ? ? ?1 Z sc ? Vsc 72 ? ? 8. 64? I sc 8. 33 ? Z sc ? 8. 64? 63. 4o ? 3. 86 ? j 7. 72 ? R01 ? jX 01 because connected to primary side.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 1. Short Circuit method , V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ? 100% 72 cos 63. 4o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% ? 2. 68% 2400 ? ? 2. Equivalent circuit , V .R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? ? ? 100% 20000 ? 3. 86(0. 8) ? 7. 72(0. 6)? 2400 ? 100% ? 2. 68% 2400  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 3. Basic Defination , V1 ? I1Z 01 ? aV2 ? 20000 ? 2400 ? o? o 2400? 0 ? ? ? ? 36. 87 ? 8. 64? 63. 4 ? ? ? V2 ? 2400 ? ? 240 ? V2 ? 233. 58? 0. 79 o V o ? ? VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL ? 240 ? 233. 58 ? 100% 240 ? 2. 68%  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) ?( full load) (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 34% 2 (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (1) (268) (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 12% 2 (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (0. 5) (268) ?( half load)  © MRM 05 Measurement on Transformer ? i. ii.There are two test conducted on transformer. Open Circuit Test Shor t Circuit test ? ? ? The test is conducted to determine the parameter of the transformer. Open circuit test is conducted to determine magnetism parameter, Rc and Xm. Short circuit test is conducted to determine the copper parameter depending where the test is performed. If performed at primary, hence the parameters are R01 and ©X0105and vice-versa. MRM Open-Circuit Test ? ? Voc Ic Measurement are at low voltage side Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc From a given test parameters, ? ?1 ? P oc Voc ? oc ? cos ? Voc ? V I ? ? ? oc oc ? I sin? Im Ic oc oc Ioc RcXm ?oc Ioccos? oc Hence, I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? Im I m ? I oc sin ? oc Then, Rc and X m , Voc Voc Rc ? , Xm ? Ic Im Note: If the question asked parameters referred to high voltage side, the parameters (Rc and Xm) obtained need to be referred to high voltage side  © MRM 05 Short-Circuit Test ? ? Measurement are at high voltage side If the given test parameters are taken on primary side, R01 and X01 will be obtained. Or else, viceversa. R01 X01 Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? Hence, Vsc Z 01 ? sc I sc ? 1  © MRM 05 For a case referred to Primary side Z 01 ? R01 ? jX 01 Example 9.Given the test on 500kVA 2300/208V are as follows: Poc = 3800W Psc = 6200W Voc = 208V Vsc = 95V Ioc = 52. 5A Isc = 217. 4A Determine the transformer parameters and draw equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side. Also calculate appropriate value of V2 at full load, the full load efficiency, half load efficiency and voltage regulation, when power factor is 0. 866 lagging.  © MRM 05 [1392? , 517. 2? , 0. 13? , 0. 44? , 202V, 97. 74%, 97. 59%, 3. 04%] Example 9 (Cont) From Open Circuit Test, Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc ? 3800 ? ? ? 69. 6o ? oc ? cos ? ? (52. 5)(208) ? ? ? I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? 1 Voc Ic Iocsin? oc IocIoccos? oc ? 52. 5 cos 69. 6o ? 18. 26 A I m ? I oc sin ? oc ? 52. 5 sin 69. 6o ? 49. 2 A ?oc Im ?  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Since Voc=208V i. e. low voltage side ? all reading are taken on th e secondary side (low voltage side) Voc 208 Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? I c 18. 26 Voc 208 Xm ? ? ? 4. 23? I m 49. 21 Parameters referred to high voltage side, ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? Rc ‘ ? Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? ? ? 1392? ?E ? ? 208 ? ? 2? 2 2 ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? ? ? ? 4. 23? Xm'? Xm? ? ? 517 ? MRM 05 . 21?  © ? 208 ? ? E2 ? 2 2 Example 9 (Cont) From Short Circuit Test, First, check the Isc I FL1 VA 500 ? 103 ? ? ? 217. 4 A V1 2300 Since IFL1 =Isc , ? ll reading are actually taken on the primary side Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? 6200 ? ? ? 72. 53o ? sc ? cos ? ? (95)(217. 4) ? ? ? ?1 ?V ? Z 01 ? ? sc sc ? I ? ? sc ? ? 95 ? o o 72. 53 ? 0. 44? 72. 53 ? 217. 4 ?  © MRM 05 ? 0. 13 ? j 0. 42? Example 9 (Cont) Equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? V1 Rc 1392? Xm 517. 21? V2? =aV2  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) For V2 at full load, neglect the magnetism parameters, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? v1 v2? pf ? cos ? ? 0. 866 ? ? cos ? 1 0. 866 ? 30o  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Efficie ncy,? ? ? VA cos ? ? FL ? ? ? ?100% ? VA cos ? ? Psc ? Poc ? ? ? 500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% (500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? 6200 ? 3800 ? ? ? 97. 74% ? ? nVA cos ? ?1 L ? ? ? ? 100% 2 nVA cos ? ? n 2 Psc ? Poc ? ? ? ? (0. 5)(500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% 3 2 ? (0. 5)(500 ? 10 )(0. 866) ? (6200)(0. 5) ? 3800 ? ? 97. 59%  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Voltage Regulation, ?Vsc cos ? sc ? ? pf ? V . R ? ? ? ?100% E1 ? ? ? (95) cos? 72. 53 ? 30 ? ? 100% 2300 ? ? ? 3. 04% ? ?  © MRM 05 Test Yourself on Final Exam Q ? Following are the test result of a 12 kV A, 415 V / 240 V, 50 Hz, two winding single phase transformer: Open circuit test (reading taken on low voltage side) 240 V 4. 2 A 80 WShort circuit test (reading taken on high voltage side) 9. 8 V ? Determine: i. 28. 9 A 185 W The values of Rp. Rs. Xp, Xs, Xm and Rc, assuming an approximate equivalent circuit. ii. The efficiency of the transformer at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor. iii. The voltage regulation at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor.  © MRM 05 Solution i. Solution ? ? ? ? Eff = 97. 3 % ? V. R = 2. 31 % Z = 57. 14 ? Rc = 714. 3 ? Xm = 57. 31 a = 1. 73 R1 = 0. 11 ? R2 = 0. 037 ? X1 = 0. 13 ? X2 = 0. 043 ? ? Refer to Primary, ? ? ? ? ?  © MRM 05 Any Questions Test 1 – coming soon Make sure you prepared for that†¦  © MRM 05